Contents: Introduction. I. Gender, caste, and religious identities in Punjab: 1. Caste and colonial intervention.
2. The colonial gaze and Punjabi society.
3. Insecurity and ambition: the high caste, middle class elite of Punjab.
4. Caste, gender, and the Arya Samaj movement in Punjab.
5. Caste, gender, and the Singh Sabha movement in Punjab.
II. ‘Killing’, ‘gifting’ or ‘selling’ daughters: the pressures on a high caste identity : 6.
Infanticide, hypergamy and marriage expenses. 7.
‘Takka’, ‘Vatta’, vs. marriages of ‘Pun’.
8. Jhagrras/Kissas and the spread of the reformist message.
III. Ascetic widowhood or widow remarriage? Dilemma for the new Punjabi elite.
9. The widow and high caste status.
10. Containing a widow’s sexuality.
11. Economic marginality of a widow.
12. The attractions of asceticism and public service.
13. Assertion of agency: widow Savitri Devi.
IV. Controlling women: recreating the Pativrata wife as the ideal upper caste woman: 14.
Pativrata and the iconization of the